The Principles Of Freedom Of An Individual - 934 Words

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The principle of freedom of an individual is the core tenet of liberalism. The foundation of liberalism is categorized into three. The first is the freedom from arbitrary rule, termed â€Å"negative freedom† which includes freedom of the press, equality before the law, freedom of conscience and right to property. The second set of rights ensures the protection and promotion of the capacity and opportunity for freedom, which is called the â€Å"positive freedom.† Example of such rights are the social and economic rights to health care, education, gainful employment, for human dignity and participation in the society. Thirdly, political rights of democratic representation or participation i.e., right to vote or be voted for to ensure that the other two rights are not infringed on (Kant Political Philosophy, 1993. p. 173). Liberalism today could slightly be different with earlier views as a result of changes in time and history however the fundamental tent of liberty and the ideals of freedom, equality, independence as expressed by Kant remains the same and paramount. Several philosophical views regarding modern political thought on state of nature, social contract and division of powers has immensely been written by both Locke and Kant in their era. REFERENCES CHAPTER TWO MAIN BODY The philosopher emmanuel kant: introduction to profound political thought He was an eighteenth-century philosopher during a period dominated by the ideas of theShow MoreRelatedThe Principles Of Individual Responsibility And Freedom928 Words   |  4 Pagesover the people; telling them that they cannot succeed except under a collective authority instead of being individually motivated and driven to succeed by the principles of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. 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A major debate at the heart of liberalism is how to achieve freedom, positive freedom where the state ‘enables and empowers’ the individual to do more and therefore that individual is more free, or negative freedom where the gov’t should be rolled backRead More John Rawls and Political Liberalism Essay1640 Words   |  7 Pagesjust and stable society of free and equal citizens, who remain profoundly divided by reasonable religious, philosophical, and moral doctrines?† (Rawls 4). More specifically, how do the se concepts help to preserve the traditional liberal values of freedom and equality? And do these concepts help to preserve stability within a pluralistic society? John Rawls book, Political Liberalism, addresses the need for the reformation of the unjust democratic constitutional regime. According toRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag1321 Words   |  6 Pagesshall be protected as long as they do not cause reasonable harm to another individual. 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By further analysis of the categorical imperatives and critiques, objections, and the theory’s connections with the â€Å"a priori principles,† Kantian philosophy implication as well as

Marketing Analysis Marketing Mix Essay - 1896 Words

Marketing mix are the set of marketing tools that firm uses to pursue its marketing objectives in the target market. The various variable of the marketing mix : 1. PRODUCT MIX 2. PRICE MIX 3. PLACE MIX 4. PROMOTION MIX Promotion is the important element of marketing mix. Promotion is related with all steps taken to provide information about a product to the customer. It is a common mistake to believe that promotion by business is all about advertising. There are a variety of approaches that a business can take to get their message across to customer althrough advertising is certainly an importanat one. Promotion is all about communication. The main aim of promotion is to ensure that customers are aware of the existence and positioning of products. Promotion is also used to persuade customer that the product is better than competing products and to remind customers about. 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Views of Voltaire and Molière on the Role of Women in...

The role of women in society has been a controversial one. Most religions see women as being inferior to men and are of the view that women were created as a companion for men. A lot of our social morale stems from religion; hence this help to shape the view that woman is inferior and is to be submissive to their male counterpart. Society has set roles which each sex is expected to play. Gender role is a theoretical construct in the social sciences and humanities that refers to a set of social and behavioral norms that, within a specific culture, are widely considered to be socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex (Princeston.edu). Women are expected to be docile and agreeable, while men are expected to be head strong and†¦show more content†¦However Armande was of the view that male were not necessary in her life, education was of utmost importance she was appall when her sister (Henriette) told her she wanted to marry Clitandre. Armande stated â€Å"Ah! Heav ens! What a groveling disposition! What a poor part you act in the world, to confine yourself to family affairs, and to think of no more soul-stirring pleasures than those offered by an idol of a husband and by brats of children! Leave these base pleasures to the low and vulgar. Raise your thoughts to more exalted objects; endeavor to cultivate a taste for nobler pursuits; and treating sense and matter with contempt, give yourself, as we do, wholly to the cultivation of your mind.†So Armande general view was that the only way to uplift you was through education. Henriette though she was among learned women she aspired to be nothing like them Moliere also showed a balance with Henriette she was not illiterate but she was not obsessed with being educated. She believed in being a â€Å"traditional women† she was happy with everyday life routine and she didn’t want to ignore the needs of her body, she was fascinated with the idea of being a wife and having children. Henriette stated â€Å"I only have offered to my thoughts a husband, children, and a home; and I see nothing in all this to defile the imagination, or to make one shudder.† Armande can’t understand why her sister rejoices in marrying Clitandre. She thinks sheShow MoreRelatedTo Know About France, and Its History, Culture, French People and Democracy in France5199 Words   |  21 Pagesknow about France and its history, culture, French people and democracy in France ? Introduction France is a powerful democratic country in the world. Every French citizen in France over 18 years old has the right to vote. Freedom of expression is enshrined in law, people are free to gather for any reasons. the French people do strikes very often for their rights and freedom, the strikes in France are common and popular among the world, and French people are free to join any political party

The Family Structure Of The United States - 977 Words

The family structure throughout the last 100 years has changed drastically in the UK. Societies more casual state of mind towards marriage implies it is no longer seen as unusual to be included in a complicated family structure. For instance a Reconstituted family. This is the point at which one or both folks have been married before and had kids and have remarried to shape another family structure also called a step family. Families are no more simply nuclear families. Nuclear family is made up of married folks living with their children. Families now have more muddled structures as compared to the nuclear families. Other family structures include cohabiting parents, lone parent families, homosexual parent families and extended families. The last 100 years have seen changes in legislation, technology, attitudes and expectations and these are all elements that have prompted numerous new trends in the societies like the developing number of new sorts of family structures, more females in exceptionally regarded and paid occupations and an increment in divorce rates. ‘It is realized that 40% of all marriages now end in separation or divorce. There are numerous possible reasons for this pattern which include the (1949) legal aid act and the (1969) divorce law reform act which made separation procedures simpler.’ Another reason could be secularization and the declining disgrace and changing of society mentality towards divorce as more individuals had more adaptableShow MoreRelatedFamily Structure Of The United States848 Words   |  4 PagesDeedocracy: Family Within the summary of our society, Deedocracy takes elements from the U.S.A., and twist them to fix the problems we faced on Earth. 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Grignard Reagent Free Essays

1598 Organometallics 2009, 28, 1598–1605 CoVer Essay The Grignard Reagents Dietmar Seyferth Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 ReceiVed February 4, 2009 During the past 100 years the Grignard reagents probably have been the most widely used organometallic reagents. Most of them are easily prepared in ethereal solution (usually diethyl ether or, since the early 1950s, THF) by the reaction of an organic halide with metallic magnesium (eq 1). Table 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Grignard Reagent or any similar topic only for you Order Now Composition of Diethyl Ether Solutions of Various Grignard Reagents at Equilibrium (in mol %), 2RMgX h R2Mg + MgX2a RX in RX + Mg reacn CH3I C2H5I C2H5Br C2H5Cl n-C3H7I n-C3H7Br n-C3H7Cl C6H5I C6H5Br a RMgX 87. 0 43. 0 41. 0 15. 0 24. 0 24. 0 17. 0 38. 0 30. 0 R2Mg ) MgX2 6. 5 28. 5 29. 5 42. 5 38. 0 38. 0 41. 5 31. 0 35. 0 RX + Mg f RMgX (X ) Cl, Br, I) (1) Most of them are stable in ethereal solution (although atmospheric moisture and oxygen should be excluded) and in general are quite reactive. Discovered by Victor Grignard at the University of Lyon in France in 1900,1 their ease of preparation and their broad applications in organic and organometallic synthesis made these new organomagnesium reagents an instant success. The importance of this contribution to synthetic chemistry was recognized very early, and for his discovery Grignard was awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1912. Our cover molecule is the monomeric ethylmagnesium bromide bis(diethyl etherate) (1), whose solid-state molecular structure was determined by an X-ray diffraction study by Lloyd Guggenberger and Robert Rundle in 1964 using crystals isolated from a diethyl ether solution of a C2H5Br/Mg reaction mixture by slow cooling with a stream of cold gaseous nitrogen. 2-4 Adapted from: Schlenk, W. , Jr. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1931, 64, 734. Wilhelm Schlenk and his son discovered 80 years ago, more than one magnesium-containing species exists in the diethyl ether solution of a Grignard reagent. 5 A redistribution of the substituents on magnesium takes place, and the RMgX species ends up in equilibrium with the two symmetrical species, the diorganomagnesium and the magnesium dihalide: the â€Å"Schlenk Equilibrium† (eq 2). 2RMgX h R2Mg + MgX2 (2) Generally written as â€Å"RMgX† in textbooks, monographs and research papers, the Grignard reagents in ethereal solution are more complicated than this simple formula indicates. As (1) (a) Grignard, V. Compt. rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 1900, 130, ? 1322. (b) Grignard, V. Dissertation â€Å"Theses sur les combinaisons organo` magnesie nes mixtes et leur application a des syntheses†, University of Lyon, ` ` Lyon, France, 1901. (2) (a) Guggenberger, L. J. ; Rundle, R. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 5344. (b) Guggenberger, L. J. ; Rundle, R. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 5375. 3) A crystalline solid, CH3MgI  · (n-C5H11)2O, was isolated and identi? ed as such by elemental analysis (Mg and I) in 1908: Zerewitinoff, Th. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1908, 41, 2244. The oxonium structure The species that contain Mg-halogen bonds can be precipitated from Grignard reagent solutions in diethyl ether by the addition of 1,4-dioxane. An insoluble, polymeric 1,4-dioxane adduct is formed, leaving behind a solution of R2Mg5sa useful preparation of dialkyl- and diarylmagnesium reagents. 6 Wilhelm Schlenk, Jr. analyzed the 1,4-dioxane precipitations from a number of Grignard reagent solutions. Assuming that the precipitation is essentially instantaneous, i. e. , that the calculated R2Mg, MgX2, and RMgX percentages re? ect the ac tual composition of the Grignard reagent solution at equilibrium, Schlenk reported the compositions collected in Table 1. Direct evidence (5) Schlenk, W. ; Schlenk, W. , Jr. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1929, 62, 920. (6) (a) Cope, A. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1935, 57, 2238. (b) As Erwin Weiss found, evaporation of diethyl ether solutions of methyl- and ethylmagnesium bromide and chloride at reduced pressure followed by heating of the colorless solid residues at ca. 00  °C and 0. 001 mmHg for several hours gave a mixture of the respective pure, solvent-free, polymeric R2Mg compounds and magnesium halides. The solid MgCl2 thus obtained differed from a sample obtained from a MgCl2 melt in that its lattice showed a strong stacking disorder. This form of MgCl2 had an extremely high surface area: Weiss, E. Chem. Ber. 1965, 98, 2805. (7) Schlenk, W. , Jr. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1931, 64, 734 Further additions to the examples in Table 1 were soon thereafter reported by other workers: (a) Noller, C . R. ; Hilmer, F. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1932, 54, 2503. (b) Johnson, G. O. Adkins, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1932, 54, 1943. (c) Cope, A. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1934, 56, 1578. was written for this compound. Earlier workers had isolated noncrystalline solid samples of etherates, e. g. , C2H5MgI  · (C2H5)2O and RMgI  · 2(C2H5)2O. (4) Other early Grignard reagent crystal structures: (a) Stucky, G. D. ; Rundle, R. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 4825 (C6H5MgBr  · 2Et2O). (b) Vallino, M. J. Organomet. Chem. 1969, 20, 1 (CH3MgBr  · 3THF). . 10. 1021/om900088z CCC: $40. 75 ? 2009 American Chemical Society Publication on Web 03/16/2009 Organometallics, Vol. 28, No. 6, 2009 1599 Figure 1. Association of several Grignard compounds in tetrahydrofuran (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 3847. ). that solutions of â€Å"CH3MgBr† in diethyl ether contain CH3MgBr and (CH3)2Mg was obtained by Ashby and co-workers by means of 1H NMR spectroscopic measurements at -105  °C. Solutions of â€Å"t-butylmagnesium chloride† in diethyl ether also were studied. 8 The tendency of the halide substituents in the RMgX and MgX2 species present in ethereal solution at equilibrium to form bridges between magnesium atoms, Mg-X-Mg, in a Lewis base/Lewis acid type interaction further complicates the nature of the Grignard reagent in ethereal solvents. In a very thorough study of the association factors of various Grignard reagents in diethyl ether and THF by careful ebullioscopic molecular weight measurements, Eugene Ashby and Frank Walker at the Georgia Institute of Technology found that monomeric, dimeric, and higher oligomeric species were present, depending on the solvent and the halogen and the organic substituents on the magnesium atom. 9 Included in this study along with data for the â€Å"RMgX† solutions were data for a few R2Mg compounds and for the magnesium dihalides. As Figure 1 shows, the observed association factor (the i value is the apparent molecular weight divided by the formula weight of the monoetherate) shows that the Grignard reagents and (C6H5)2Mg are close to monomeric in the relatively strong Lewis basic THF. The picture is quite different in diethyl ether solution (Figures 2 and 3), with association factors of 1 to nearly 4 for solute concentrations up to ca. 3 molal. It is not clear what these i values mean in terms of the actual species present in these solutions. On the assumption that the Schlenk equilibrium is operative in all cases, in view of the presence of a signi? cant concentration of MgX2, one cannot expect only simple solvated species of type i(R)Mg-X] n [ i (average n ) i). Toney and Stucky isolated crystals of a dimeric species, 2, from a solution of â€Å"C2H5MgBr† in di-n-butyl ether by addition of this solution to triethylamine. 10 The molecular Figure 2. Association of alkylmagnesium chlorides in diethyl ether. Demonstration of importance of halogen vs R group in determining the form of association in diethyl ether (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 3848. ). Figure 3. Association of several alkyl- and arylmagnesium bromides and iodides and related magnesium compounds in diethyl ether (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 3848. ). structure, as determined by X-ray analysis, contained a double Br bridge with the ethyl groups in a trans arrangement. That (8) In â€Å"CH3MgBr† solutions in diethyl ether: (a) Ashby, E. C. ; Parrish, G. ; Walker, F. Chem. Commun. 1969, 1464. (b) â€Å"(CH3)3CMgCl† solutions in diethyl ether at-26  °C: Parris, G. ; Ashby, E. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 1206. (9) (a) Walker, F. W. ; Ashby, E. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 3845. (b) Ashby, E. C. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1972, 2133 (review, in English). (c) Meisenheimer, J. ; Schlichenmaier. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1928, 61 (an earlier, similar, but more limited study in diethyl ether). more complicated structures can be present in an â€Å"RMgX† solution in diethyl ether was demonstrated by the determination of the X-ray crystal structure of a crystalline compound obtained from a THF solution of â€Å"C2H5MgCl† of composition C2H5Mg2Cl3. This compound was not a simple Cl-bridged dimer, as the empirical formula might suggest. Actually, it was a tetramer (Figure 4) in which the Mg atoms have a coordination number greater than 4. 1 There is a caveat, however: the species that crystallizes from a Grignard reagent solution does not necessarily directly re? ect what species are swimming around in the solution. The crystalline solid shown in Figure 4 could well have self-assembled during the crystallization process by combination of two molecules of the C2H5Mg2Cl3 dimer and not been present in solution at all. Even in the case of monomeric â€Å"RMgX† in THF solution, the Schlenk equilibrium will be operative and the strongly Lewis basic THF apparently prevents halide bridging between Mg atoms. Consequently, the (10) Toney, J. ; Stucky, G. D. Chem. Commun. 1967, 1168. (11) Toney, J. ; Stucky, G. D. J. Organomet. Chem. 1971, 28, 5. 1600 Organometallics, Vol. 28, No. 6, 2009 Scheme 1 Figure 4. Molecular structure of [C2H5Mg2Cl3(C4H8O)3]2, a tetrameric Grignard reagent. Modi? ed from Toney and Stucky (J. Organomet. Chem. 1971, 28, 15. (copyright 1971, with permission from Elsevier)). presence of monomeric RMgX, R2Mg, and MgX2, all solvated, would result in the measurement of an association factor of 1, as Walker and Ashby observed. There are so many factors that bear on the question of the constitution of a given Grignard reagent in ethereal solutionsthe Lewis basicity and steric properties of the ether solvent, the electronegativity and size of the halogen atom in RMgX, the nature and steric properties of the organic substituent on the magnesium atom. These will affect the magnitude of the equilibrium constant of the Schlenk equilibrium and the extent of Mg-X-Mg bridging. For most applications in synthetic chemistry it will suf? ce to take the easy way outsto regard and to write the Grignard reagent as RMgX. There is another interesting and useful property of ethereal Grignard reagent solutions. The magnesium species are weak electrolytes in such solvents of low dielectric constant, and â€Å"RMgX† solutions conduct an electric current. 12 The electrolysis of solutions of organomagnesium halides was studied in some detail by Kondyrew at the State Research Institute in Leningrad13 and by Ward Evans and his students at Northwestern University. 14 During the electrolysis, magnesium species migrate both to the cathode and to the anode. Scheme 1 shows the simplest picture based on RMgX. Metallic magnesium is formed at the cathode. 12) The earliest report appears to be a 1912 French paper: Jolibois, P. Compt. rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 1912, 155, 213. See also: Nelson, ? J. M. ; Evans, W. V. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1917, 39, 82. (13) (a) Kondyrew, N. W. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1925, 58, 459. (b) Kondyrew, N. W. ; Manojew, D. P. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1925, 58, 464. (c) Kondyrew, N. W. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1928, 61, 208. (d) Kondyrew, N. W. ; Ssusi, A. K. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1929, 62, 1856. (14) The Evans group published many papers in J. Am. Chem. Soc. during the 1933-1942 period. See, for example: (a) Evans, W. V. ; Lee, F. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1934, 56, 654. (b) Evans, W. V. ; Field, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1936, 58, 720. (c) Evans, W. V. ; Braithwaite, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 898. (d) Evans, W. V. ; Braithwaite, D. ; Field, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1940, 62, 534. (e) Evans, W. V. ; Pearson, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1942, 64, 2865. The alkyl radicals formed at the anode can undergo the usual alkyl radical processes of coupling (to R-R), disproportionation (to RH + R(-H)), or, if the anode is composed of a reactive metal such as zinc, aluminum, cadmium, or lead, they can attack the anode to form an organometallic compound. A graduate student of Evans, David G. Braithwaite, joined the Nalco Chemical Co. after he graduated and developed an electrolytic process for the commercialscale syntheses of tetramethyl- and tetraethyllead antiknock agents in which the respective alkyl Grignard reagents were electrolyzed in a mixed THF/diethylene glycol dimethyl ether solvent system using a lead anode and a steel cathode. 15 The reactions of the Grignard reagents with organic, organometallic, and inorganic substrates and their applications are too numerous and varied to be covered here. Not only do they ? nd extensive use on a small to moderate scale in research laboratories but they also have been prepared and utilized on a large scale in diverse industrial processes. For the most part they react as nucleophilic reagents, as would be expected, on the basis of the polarity of the carbon-magnesium bond, C? –Mg? +. However, they also can undergo electron transfer reactions with appropriate electron-acceptor substrates. They are weak bases capable of deprotonating the stronger weak organic acids such as terminal acetylenes and cyclopentadiene. Their basicity can be enhanced (as can be the basicity of organolithium reagents) by the addition to RMgX solutions in ethers of additives such as hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) or alkali-metal alkoxides. All such information can be found in books devoted solely or in part to Grignard reagents. 16 Two special topics are of current interest and merit special mention. (1) The preparation of highly functionalized organomagnesium reagents by Paul Knochel and his co-workers at the University of Munich17 by means of halogen-magnesium exchange (e. . , eq 3). The availability of reagents such as 3-8 (which must be utilized at low temperature) has added a new and spectacular dimension to Grignard reagent chemistry. (2) The synthesis of ole? ns, styrenes, 1,3-dienes and biaryl derivatives by the crosscoupling of Grignard reagents with organic halides. The crosscoupling of Grignard reagents with vinylic halides was discovered by Morris Kharasch and Charl es Fuchs at the University of Chicago Organometallics, Vol. 28, No. 6, 2009 1601 Table 2. Transition Metal Halide Catalyzed Homocoupling of Phenylmagnesium Iodidea metal halide FeCl2 CoBr2 NiBr2 RuCl3 RhCl3 PdCl2 OsCl3 IrCl3 a amt, mol 0. 01 0. 01 0. 03 0. 0036 0. 0036 0. 00566 0. 00275 0. 003 amt of C6H5MgI, mol 0. 03 0. 03 0. 095 0. 0108 0. 013 0. 0163 0. 007 0. 01 yield of biphenyl, % 98 98 100 99 97. 5 98 53 28 Taken from: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 957. in 1943 during the classic studies of Kharasch on the chemistry of Grignard reagents in the presence of transition-metal halides. 6b Kharasch and Fuchs found that arylmagnesium bromides in diethyl ether reacted readily with vinylic halides of type RCHdCHX and R2CdCHX (but not CH2dC(R)X) to give styrenes in 50-75% yield when the reactions were carried out in the presence of 5 mol % of CoCl2 (eq 4). 18It was reported that other metal halides (of iron, nickel, and chromium) also were effective catalysts of this cross-coupling reaction. Benzylmagnesium chloride also reacted in this manner with vinyl bromide to give PhCH2 CHdCH2 in 75% yield. Alkylmagnesium halides such as cyclohexyl- and n-butylmagnesium bromide, on the other hand, gave only â€Å"small to negligible† yields of the expected coupling product. The ArMgBrderived biaryl usually was obtained as a byproduct in these reactions. Such homocoupling of arylmagnesium halides in the presence of a transition metal halide as well as copper and silver halides was a known reaction. It had been investigated in 1939 by Gilman and Lichtenwalter, who found that aryl Grignard reagents undergo homocoupling in the presence of ca. 0 mol % of various transition-metal halides in diethyl ether solution to give the respective biaryl in high yield in most cases (eq 5, Table 2). 19 The metal halide, in addition to being the needed catalyst precursor, also served as an oxidizing agent and, in some cases (CoBr2, NiCl2, RhCl3), formation of a black solid indicated complete reduction to the metal. not occur in the absence of the organic halide but in its presence was vigorously exo thermic. The added organic halide was only partially consumed and did not show up in the biaryl product. When p-bromotoluene was added to a phenylmagnesium bromide/CoCl2 catalyst reaction mixture, only biphenyl was formed. A remarkable reaction! smost likely a free radical process, as Kharasch suggested. The organic halide was believed to function as an oxidizing agent. This interesting, simple, and potentially useful cross-coupling reaction, as exempli? ed in eq 4, was not adopted by the synthetic organic community right away. After a long dormancy it was rediscovered some 30 years later by a number of groups in the USA, Japan, and France, all of whom apparently were not aware of the 1943 Kharasch/Fuchs JACS paper. 1 Transition-metal catalysts other than CoCl2 were used, but the concept and the basic reaction were the same. In 1971 Tamura and Kochi reported a thorough study of the cross-coupling of Grignard reagents with vinylic halides catalyzed by soluble iron species in concentrations of ca. 10-4 M in THF at 0-25  °C. 26,27 Various Fe(III) compounds could be used as Fe catalyst pr ecursors; the best were Fe(III) -diketonates such as Fe(RC(O)CHC(O)R)3 (R ) Ph, CH3, t-Bu). These exothermic reactions were not free radical processes. The reactions of cis- and trans-propenyl bromide proceeded with retention of geometric con? uration (eqs 6 and 7) and were not adversely affected by the presence of 0. 4 M styrene. A ArMgBr + RCHdCHX 9 ArCHdCHR + MgBrX 8 (X ) Cl, Br) CoCl2 5 mol % (4) 2ArMgX + MXn f Ar-Ar + MgX2 + MXn-2 (5) A novel catalytic process for such ArMgX to Ar-Ar coupling was discovered by Kharasch and Fields when ethereal solutions of an aryl Grignard reagent that contained a catalytic amount (3 mol %) of CoCl2 were heated at re? ux for 1 h and then treated with an equivalent amount of an organic halide (C6H5Br, C2H5Br, i-C3H7Cl). 20 The coupling reaction to give Ar-Ar did (15) (a) Bott, L. L. Hydrocarbon Process. Petrol. Re? ner 1965, 44, 115. (b) Guccione, E. Chem. Eng. 1965, (June 21), 102. See also Part 2 of the tetraethyllead essay: (c) Seyferth, D. Organometallics 2003, 22, 5154 (pages 5172-5174). (16) (a) Krause, E. ; von Grosse, A. Die Chemie der metall-organischen Verbindungen; Gebruder Borntrager: Berlin, 1937; pp 14-61, 110-114. ? ? (b) Kharasch, M. S. ; Reinmuth, O. Grignard Reactions of Nonmetallic Substances; Prentice Hall: New York, 1954. (c) Handbook of Grignard Reagents; Silverman, G. S. , Rakita, P. E. , Eds. ; Dekker: New York, 1996. d) Grignard Reagents-New DeVelopments; Richey, H. G. , Ed. ; Wiley: Chichester, New York, 2000. (e) The Chemistry of Organomagnesium Compounds; Rappaport, Z. , Marek, L. , Eds. ; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2008. (17) Knochel, P. ; Dohle, W. ; Gommermann, N. ; Kneisel, F. F. ; Kopp, F. ; Korn, T. ; Sapountzis, J. ; Vu, V. A. Angew. Chem. , Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 4302 (review). (18) Kharasch, M. S. ; Fuchs, C. F. J. Am. Chem . Soc. 1943, 65, 504. (19) Gilman, H. ; Lichtenwalter, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 957. and earlier (back to 1914) references cited therein. 20) Kharasch, M. S. ; Fields, E. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1941, 63, 2316. mechanism involving an organoiron(I) intermediate, obtained by reduction of the Fe(III) precursor by the Grignard reagent, was suggested. The results of a few experiments carried out on a 30-40 mmol scale (Table 3) showed that such iron-catalyzed reactions would be useful in the synthesis of ole? ns, but a broader study to optimize them and to broaden the scope of their application was not undertaken. The coupling of vinylic Grignard reagents with alkyl halides is catalyzed also by Ag(I) salts. 8 Thus, cis-propenylmagnesium (21) Two later â€Å"historical notes†22,23 and two book chapters24,25 that dealt with the cross-coupling reactions of Grignard reagents with vinylic halides also did not cite the Kharasch/Fuchs paper. (22) Tamao, K. J. Organomet. Chem. 2002, 653 , 27. (23) Murahashi, S. -I. J. Organomet. Chem. 2002, 653, 27. (24) Kochi, J. K. Organometallic Mechanisms and Catalysis; Academic Press: New York, 1978; Chapter 14, Sections III and IV. (25) Hou, S. ; Negishi, E. -i. In Handbook of Organopalladium Chemistry; Negishi, E. -i. , Ed. , Wiley: New York, 2002; Vol. 1,Chapter III. 2. 6, pp 335408. As a historical note, the following quotation from this reference (p 335) is of interest: â€Å"Although the reaction of Grignard reagents with organic halides was shown to be catalyzed by various late transition metal compounds (the Kharasch reaction) in the 1950s, it was not until the early 1970s that the applicability of this catalytic method was extended to the cross-coupling involving alkenyl and aryl halides catalyzed by Ag, Fe and other late transition metals. † (26) (a) Kochi, J. ; Tamura, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 1487. (b) Tamura, M. ; Kochi, J. Synthesis, 1971, 303. (27) Full papers: (a) Neumann, S. M. ; Kochi, J. K. J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 599. (b) Smith, R. S. ; Kochi, J. K. J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 502. (c) Reviews: ref 24. (d) Kochi, J. K. J. Organomet. Chem. 2002, 653, 11 (historical note). (28) (a) Whitesides, G. M. ; Casey, C. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 4541. (b) Tamura, M. ; Kochi, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 1483. 1602 Organometallics, Vol. 28, No. 6, 2009 Table 3. Alkenylation of Grignard Reagents using FeCl3 as Precatalyst (in THF)a R MgBr (amt, mmol) n-C6H13MgBr (40) CH2dCH(CH2)4MgBr (36) n-C6H13MgBr (40) a 1 R2Br (amt, mmol) CH2dCHBr (204) CH2dCHBr (102) CH3CHdCHBr (355) FeCl3 (amt, mmol) 0. 05 0. 05 0. 10 reacn temp,  °C 0 25 25 product (yield, %) n-C6H13CHdCH2 (83) CH2dCH(CH2)4CHdCH2 (64) n-C6H13CHdCHCH3 (67) (53/47 cis/trans mixture) Taken from: Synthesis 1971, 6, 303. Scheme 2 bromide reacted with methyl bromide in THF in the presence of an Ag(I) catalyst to give cis-butene-2, but a similar reaction of trans-propenylmagnesium bromide gave a 7:3 mixture of cisand trans-butene-2, respectively. 28b Apparently propenyl radicals were involved. A similar Grignard reagent based cross-coupling, ole? n synthesis in which a copper(I) catalyst was used was published by French workers. 9 Normant et al. reported that their reactions (e. g. , n-Bu(Et)CdCHI + i-PrMgCl in THF at -20  °C with a Cu(I) catalyst) proceeded with retention of con? guration. 29a For a reaction of CH3CHdC(CH3)MgCl with n-C3H7I in THF at 0  °C using CuI as catalyst, Linstrumelle reported that the coupling product obtained in 97% yield was 88% cis and 12% trans, while a similar reac tion of CH2dC(CH3)MgBr with trans-n-C6H13CHdCHI gave a 4:1 trans/cis product. 29b TheuseofNi(II)catalystprecursorsforGrignardreagent-vinylic halide cross-coupling was reported in 1972 by Corriu and Masse30 and by Tamao, Sumitani, and Kumada. 1 The French group found Ni(II) acetylacetonate to be the most effective catalyst precursor, while the Japanese group favored a bis(tertiary phosphine)NiCl2 catalyst precursor and, especially, chelating diphosphine complexes such as (Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2)NiCl2. Reactions carried out in diethyl ether at re? ux generally gave excellent yields. This procedure has been carried out commercially on an industrial scale in the preparation of p-chloroand p-tert-butylstyrene. 32 Finally, the last to be discovered at that time and the most versatile procedure for the cross-coupling of Grignard reagents (29) (a) Normant, J. F. Commercon, A. ; Cahiez, G. ; Villieras, J. Compt. ? rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. , Ser. C 1974, 278, 967. (b) Derguini? Boumechal, F. ; Linstrumelle, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1976, 3225. (30) Corriu, R. J. P. ; Masse, J. P. J. Chem. Soc. , Chem. Commun. 1972, 144. (31) (a) Tamao, K. ; Sumitani, K. ; Kumada, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 1375. (b) See also ref 22. Later work: (c) Tamao, K. ; Kiso, Y. ; Sumitani, K. ; Kumada, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 9268. (d) Kiso, Y. ; Tamao, K. ; Kumada, M. J. Organomet. Chem. 1973, 50, C12. (e) Kiso, Y. ; Tamao, K. ; Miyake, N. ; Yamamoto, K. ; Kumada, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 974, (No. 1), 3. (f) Tamao, K. ; Sumitani, K. ; Kiso, Y. ; Zembayashi, M. ; Fujioka, A. ; Kodama, S. ; Nakajima, I. ; Minato, A. ; Kumada, M. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1976, 49, 1958. (g) Tamao, K. ; Kodama, S. ; Nakajima, I. ; Kumada, M. ; Minato, A. ; Suzuki, K. Tetrahedron 1982, 38, 3347. (32) Banno, T. ; Hayakawa; Umeno, M. J. Organomet. Chem. 2002, 653, 288. (33) (a) Yamamura, M. ; Moritani, I. ; Murahashi, S. -I. J. Organomet. Chem. 1975, 91, C39. Full paper: (b) Murahashi, S. -I. ; Yamamura, M. ; Yanagisaw a, K. -i. ; Mita, N. ; Kondo, K. J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 2408. (c) Historical note: ref 23. ith vinylic and aryl halides, that catalyzed by palladium complexes, was reported by Shun-Ichi Murahashi and coworkers in 1975. 33a The reactions were carried out in diethyl ether/benzene at room temperature using (Ph3P)4Pd as the catalyst precursor, and they proceeded stereospeci? cally in excellent yield (Scheme 2). Dang and Linstrumelle also used this procedure to prepare 1,3-dienes stereospeci? cally by the reaction of vinylic iodides with vinylic Grignard reagents. 34 Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of Grignard reagents with organic halides has been a very active area in organic synthesis. Reference 25 reviews (up to 2002) its application in (alkenyl) MgX-ArX, ArMgX-(alkenyl)X, and (alkenyl)MgX-(alkenyl)X coupling processes. A further chapter in this book deals with ArMgX-Ar? X coupling. 35 Another surge of research activity on cross-coupling of Grignard reagents with organic halides started around the turn of the century and still appears to be in progress at the present time (January 2009). Interest has revived in the use of iron complexes as precatalysts for the cross- and homocoupling of Grignard reagents,36 since iron complexes are cheaper than those of palladium and are nontoxic. The iron-catalyzed cross-coupling of organomagnesium bromides with vinylic bromides, although it produced ole? ns in good yield, was of interest to Jay Kochi, as noted above, primarily from the point of view of its reaction mechanism rather than of its potential for application in organic synthesis. After some 25 years several research groups carried out much experimental work which has shown iron-catalyzed cross-coupling and homocoupling of Grignard reagents to be broadly applicable and very useful additions to the methods of organic synthesis. In 1995 Gerard Cahiez, at the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie ? ? in Paris, during the course of his extensive investigations of organomanganese chemistry, found that the cross-coupling of vinylic bromides with alkyl, vinylic, and phenylmanganese chlorides could be effected in good yield in the presence of 3 mol % of iron(III) acetylacetonate in a THF/N-methyl-2pyrrolidinone (NMP) mixed solvent at room temperature. 37 In a thorough study, this reaction was extended to the crosscoupling of vinylic halides with alkylmagnesium halides using 1 mol % of Fe(acac)3 and the same solvent mixture. 8 High yields of ole? nic products were obtained. Successful crosscoupling of Grignard reagents with AcO(CH2)6CHdCHCl, CH3C(O)(CH2)3CHdCHCl, Cl(CH2)4CBrdCH2, 9, and 10 are noteworthy as examples of the selectivity and functional group tolerance of this reaction. The scope of this chemistry was extended further when some of Knochel’s functionally substituted aryl Grignard reagents17 (vide supr a) were reacted with vinylic bromides and iodides. 39 The cross-coupling reaction between aryl Grignard reagents and vinylic bromides and iodides also was found by Cahiez and co-workers to give ole? ic products in good yield with Organometallics, Vol. 28, No. 6, 2009 1603 Table 4. Iron-Catalyzed Biaryl Coupling Reactions a Table 5. Iron-Catalyzed Homocoupling of Grignard Reagents with Atmospheric Oxygen as Oxidanta a Taken from: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 13788. palladium or nickel precatalysts. 42 Of these procedures, that of Cahiez et al. 41f appears to be the most useful. Alkyl halide/ alkylmagnesium halide cross-coupling is not a practical process. 43 RMgX + R? X 9 R-R? + MgX2 8 [Fe] (8) Iron-catalyzed reactions of aryl Grignard reagents with aryl halides to give biaryls generally are not synthetically useful. The desired cross-coupling products are obtained in only poor yield, the main product being the homocoupled biaryl derived from the aryl Grignard reagent (eq 9) (recall the Gilman/ Lichtenwalter and Kharasch/Fields reactions, vide supra). ArMgX + Ar? X f Ar-Ar? + (low yield) (major Ar-Ar product) (9) a Taken from: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 9844. retention of geometric con? guration when carried out in THF solution in the presence of 10 mol % of MnCl2. 0 As noted above, Kharasch and Fuchs had found that attempts to cross-couple aryl Grignard reagents with alkyl halides in the presence of catalytic amounts of CoCl2 were unsuccessful. On the other hand, such reactions do occur in the presence of an iron precatalyst and various additives (eq 8, R? ) alkyl), as summarized in ref 36. A number of other groups have reported the results of their research directed tow ard development of an effective procedure for the process shown in eq 8, all using an iron precatalyst of one kind or another, various additives such as TMEDA, NMP, etc. nd generally diethyl ether (but sometimes THF) as solvent. 41 It is noteworthy that primary and secondary alkyl halides, i. e. , ones that contain hydrogen substituents on the carbon atom, can be cross-coupled with aryl Grignard reagents, a process that cannot be realized using (34) Dang, H. P. ; Linstrumelle, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1978, 191. (35) Anastasia, L. ; Negishi, E. -i. Chapter II. 2. 5, pp 311-344, in ref 25. (To date palladium and nickel catalysts have been widely used to effect aryl-aryl cross-coupling reactions. However, arylmagnesium halides were found to undergo cross-coupling with aryl halides that contain electron-withdrawing activating substituents ortho or para with respect to the halogen substituent in the presence of 10 mol % of manganese(II) chloride (eq 10). 44 Cyclohexyl and 2-methylpropenyl G rignard reagents reacted with such substituted halobenzenes in a similar manner. Very (36) (a) Cahiez, G. ; Duplais, C. â€Å"Iron-Catalyzed Reactions of Grignard Reagents†, Chapter 13, pp 594-630 in ref 16e. (b) Furstner, A. ; Leitner, ? A. ; Mendez, M. ; Kraus, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 13856 (a long ? paper that brings an excellent discussion of the literature, of questions concerning mechanism, and original results). (c) Sherry, B. D. ; Furstner, ? A. Acc. Chem. Res. 2008, 41, 1500. (37) Cahiez, G. ; Marquis, S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1773. (38) Cahiez, G. ; Avedissian, H. Synthesis 1998, 1199. (39) Dohle, W. ; Kopp, F. ; Cahiez, G. ; Knochel, P. Synlett 2001, 1901. 1604 Organometallics, Vol. 28, No. 6, 2009 Table 6. Manganese-Catalyzed Homocoupling of Grignard Reagents with Atmospheric Oxygen as Oxidanta Scheme 4 THF to a mixture of 3 mol % of FeF3  · 3H2O and 9 mol % of an N-heterocyclic carbene (SIPr  · HCl). In one example, chlorobenzene (1. 0 equiv) and p-CH3C6H4MgBr (1. 2 equiv) were added to this catalyst system and the reaction mixture was stirred at 60  °C for 1 day. The desired product, p-CH3C6H4-C6H5, was obtained in 98% yield. The homocoupling product, biphenyl, was present only in trace amount, while CH3C6H4C6H4CH3 was formed in 3% yield. Some examples of the application of this remarkable reaction are shown in Table 4. Good results were obtained only with aryl chlorides. Aryl bromides and iodides gave low biaryl yields. A German group reported similar MnCl2-catalyzed cross-coupling between various heterocyclic chlorides and aryl as well as alkyl Grignard reagents: e. g. , eq 11. 46 a Taken from: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 13788. The homocoupling reaction of aryl Grignard reagents, mentioned earlier, also has received renewed attention recently, and synthetically useful procedures have resulted. Nagano and Hayashi developed a procedure in which the reaction is carried out in re? uxing diethyl ether in the presence of 1-5 mol % of FeCl3, NMP and 1. molar equiv of 1,2-dichloroethane (which serves as the oxidant). 47 Cahiez and co-workers have improved this procedure by using THF as solvent, in which arylmagnesium halides, including the chlorides, are more easily prepared. 48 This procedure works well with Knochel’s functional arylmagnesium halides (Scheme 3). Of interest also is the clever construction of the tricyclic system 11 by intramolecul ar homocoupling (Scheme 4). (40) (a) Cahiez, G. ; Gager, O. ; Lecomte, F. Org. Lett. 2008, 10, 5255. (b) Alami, M. ; Ramiandrasoa, P. ; Cahiez, G. Synlett 1998, 325. 41) A selection: (a) Martin, R. ; Furstner, A. Angew. Chem. , Int. Ed. ? 2004, 43, 3955 (see also ref 36b and references cited therein). (b) Nagano, T. ; Hayashi, T. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 1297. (c) Bedford, R. B. ; Bruce, D. W. ; Frost, R. M. ; Goodby, J. W. ; Hird, M. Chem. Commun. 2004, 2822. (d) Nakamura, N. ; Matsuo, K. ; Ito, S. ; Nakamura, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 3686. (e) Bedford, R. B. ; Bruce, D. W. ; Frost, R. M. ; Hird, M. Chem. Commun. 2005, 4161. (f) Cahiez, G. ; Habiak, V. ; Duplais, C. ; Moyeux, A. Angew. Chem. , Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 4364. g) Cahiez, G. ; Duplais, C. ; Moyeux, A. Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 3253. (h) Guerinot, A. ; Reymond, S. ; Cossy, J. Angew. ? Chem. , Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 6521. (42) However, Terao and Kambe have recently developed new Pd- and Ni-based precatalyst systems which avoid the pro blem of -elimination of primary and secondary alkyl groups: Terao, J. ; Kambe, M. Acc. Chem. Res. 2008, 41, 1545. (43) (a) Tamura, M. ; Kochi, J. J. Organomet. Chem. 1971, 31, 289. (b) Rollick, K. L. ; Nugent, W. A. ; Kochi, J. K. J. Organomet. Chem. 1982, 225, 279. (44) Cahiez, G. ; Lepifre, F. Ramiandrasoa, P. Synthesis 1999, 2138. (45) Hatakeyama, T. ; Nakamura, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 9844. (46) Rueping, M. ; Ieawsuwan, W. Synlett 2007, 247. (47) Nagano, T. ; Hiyama, T. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 491. (48) Cahiez, G. ; Chaboche, C. ; Mahuteau-Betzer, F. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 1943. Scheme 3 special, but generally applicable, reaction conditions developed by Japanese workers45 have ? nally provided the possibility of clean aryl-aryl cross-coupling reactions in which competitive homocoupling of the aryl Grignard reagent has been almost completely suppressed. In this procedure an active catalyst system was prepared by addition of 18 mol % of C2H5MgBr in Organometallics, Vol. 28, No. 6, 2009 1605 A further improvement resulted when it was found that atmospheric oxygen could replace the 1,2-dihaloethane as oxidant in the homocoupling of aryl, vinylic, and alkynyl Grignard reagents using either Fe or Mn catalyst precursors. 49 As Tables 5 and 6 show, this procedure gave excellent results. The most recent contribution to iron-catalyzed cross-coupling, which appeared during the preparation of the ? al draft of this paper, involves application of the old one-pot Barbier procedure in which FeCl3 served as precatalyst and stoichiometric amounts of magnesium turnings and TMEDA additive were used. A mixture of an alkyl and an aryl bromide was added to the mixture of precatalyst, TMEDA, magnesium, and solvent at 0  °C. Good yields of cross-coupled products were obtained. 50 There has been a great deal of activity in the areas of Grignard reagent/o rganic halide cross-coupling and aryl Grignard reagent homocoupling, and the coverage in this essay, whose focus is on the historical aspects, is far from exhaustive. Attention is called to the 2005 review by Frisch and Beller51 and especially (49) Cahiez, G. ; Moyeux, A. ; Buendia, J. ; Duplais, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 13789. (50) Czaplik, W. M. ; Mayer, M. ; von Wangelin, A. J. Angew. Chem. , Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 607. (51) Frisch, A. C. ; Beller, M. Angew. Chem. , Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 674. to the recent Accounts of Chemical Research special issue on cross-coupling. 52 Since ? st reported in 1943, the cross-coupling of Grignard reagents with organic halides, thanks to further development by many later workers, has become a broadly applicable, very useful reaction in organic synthesis. There is much more about Grignard reagents that I have not covered: the various procedures used in their preparation, the mechanism of their formation (which is still controversial), the more complex organomagnesium compounds such as bis(cyclopentadienyl)magnesium, magnesium butadiene, and magnesium anthracene, and the many kinds of reactions that Grignard reage nts have been reported to undergo. But this is only a short essay, and so I have been able to cover only a few selected topics, ones which I hope will be of interest to the reader. More information can be found in the books that I have cited earlier. 16 Acknowledgment. My thanks, as always, to Professor Arnold L. Rheingold for the cover ? gure. OM900088Z (52) Acc. Chem. Res. 2008, 41, No. 11, 1439-1564, special issue. A collection of 11 reviews, many of them relevant to the subject matter of the present essay, with useful, up-to-date references. How to cite Grignard Reagent, Papers

The Coffee Constructions in Australia †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Coffee Constructions in Australia. Answer: Introduction The Coffee Constructions is Australia based privately owned business providing building and civil engineering business across the country. The company, which commenced its operations in Melbourne in 1973, holds its fully certified business licenses in NSW, OLD, NT and ACT. The different projects of Coffee construction include boutique hotels, large residences, local councils and waste water treatment plant. In the year 1980, the company got a huge contract of developing a regional art centre. The Coffee Construction Australia (CCA) of Australia has worked on several major projects and has successfully delivered all the projects successfully. The expertise of CCA spans over the construction industry spectrum from smaller renovation to multimillion dollar project. The report sheds light on the business value proposition of CCA that it can achieve using the best practices of information systems. Use of information system in the business processes is sure to improve the operations of the organization. The report further evaluates the process by which the IS would support the various business functional areas in CCA. The Coffee Constructions Australia can adapt to the use of information systems in their daily business process. Since the Coffee Constructions Australia I an old-style family based firm, it has not embraced on the use of information technology or automated construction technology in the business. However, with the growing volume of projects, the board of directors of the firm has become quite concerned about the future business opportunities. This report discusses the use of the information system of the firm so that it can be used by the project managers in managing the different projects of CCA (Van Petten and Luka 2012). The Business Value Proposition using Information System (IS) IS used by Competitors Leading construction companies across the world has embarked on use of Information system in order to enhance their business process. Implementation and use of Enterprise resource solution or ERP is common in many constructional and manufacturing industries across the world. The example of companies using a large scale ERP is Nestle. ERP and similar automated business process improves the business operations including the management of accounts, personnel and other project details (Sajady, Dastgir and Nejad 2012). CCA although holds a leading position in the market of construction, it is essential for the organization to update from a manual record keeping system to an automatic process. Use of an Enterprise resource planning system ensures that all the business processes are integrated in a single system. This increases the data availability and easy transformation of the information. ERP systems are used by different organizations as it helps in collaboration of the different operations running within the organization. Therefore, it is recommended for the organization to adopt ERP system to integrate all the operations of CCA. Business Value Proposition The use of an effective information system such as Enterprise Resource Planning system is likely to enhance the business value proposition if CCA. The use of information system is however challenging as any incorrect use of the automatic business process can return inaccurate business results. The concept of value proposition is highly elusive in construction industry as it cannot be always reduced to hard currency. The different processes by which the use of an information system can enhance the business value proposition of CCA are as follows- The use of Information system can streamline all the operation of CCA. This will further help in keeping all the team members informed about the various project needs. It will increase the efficiency of the business processes running within CCA by analyzing the different needs of the project from the real time data obtained along with a systematic flow of information (Stair and Reynolds 2013). The use of information system helps to keep the stakeholders informed about the project. This is done by development of a proper communication channel. Use of a set communication channel within CCA will help the project team members in communicating the project information among them. This helps in understanding and measuring the gap in the ongoing project. Therefore, it can be said that the use of information system in business of CA is expected to improve or redesign the business processes of the organization. The use of Information system will help in developing a conceptual framework within the organization that will build the base of the customer value proposition within the organization (Venkatesh, Brown and Bala 2013). The use of information systems will help CCA in automating the process of record keeping there by creating a better business value for the company. The different use of information system in business includes use of different hardware and software to collect, filter and process the vital data of the organization. CCA can therefore definitely make use of information system such as enterprise resource planning system in improving and updating the process of manual data keeping. Supporting Business Functional Areas Standard Functional Areas for a Business Coffee Constructions Australia spans the construction industry spectrum ranging from smaller renovation projects to multimillion dollar projects. Therefore the company deals with easy to complex projects. The companys projects include the work in educational buildings, hospitals, healthcare, industrial, telecommunication and data centers. The functional areas of the business include both office work and working on site. Proper information update is therefore necessary to consider in this case. The Information system to be implemented will automate the process of data storage and information sharing across the project team. Apart from this, the system will provide necessary data for taking vital business decisions. The elaborate use of information system in the standard functional area of CCA is as follows (Pearlson, Saunders and Galletta 2016)- Human Resource: It is the most important business area of CCA as t is an integral business asset. Proper management of the human resources of CCA is necessary for successful implementation of the project (Trivellas and Santouridis 2013). Use of proper information system will automatically update the company about the need of human resource in a particular project. Marketing and Promotion: use of information system enhances the business value of an organization, which in turn can be used for marketing and promotion of the company in the market place. The adoption of the information system in CCA will help the organization in redesigning its business process thus adding to the marketing strategy of the organization (Hall 2012). Accounting and Finance is a major functional area of CCA as well. The use of an information system such as ERP helps in managing all the financial activities of an organization (Kanellou and Spathis 2013). In case of CCA, it will help in managing the cash flow in different projects that the company undertakes. Management is another major functional area of CCA as it relates to the management of different projects associated with the organization (Beynon-Davies 2013). The use of an information system not only helps in easy flow of information, but also helps in proper management of the project by calculating the efficiency of each resource. Use of information system in CCA will also enhance the companys operation across the country by streamlining and integrating the business process of the branches across the world. Why use IS? Information system should be used in the business processes of CCA as in this technology driven era, use of information system is not an option but an essential need of any company. The business of CCA is expected to achieve operational excellence. Information System is a tool that can be used to achieve high levels of efficiency and productivity in the business process. Use of information system can help in designing innovative services and new business model for better management of the projects undertaken by CCA. The presence of an information system within an organization improves the decision-making process of the company (Harrison and Lock 2017). This is because the information system will allow the project manager with the real time data from the project site, the knowledge of which improves decision making processes (Hadad, Keren and Laslo 2013). Apart from real time data collection, the information system helps in data storage in an organized way. With the increase in the volume of the projects it is necessary for CCA to organize its data it becomes easily available in times of need. In short, the use of information system makes the process of information storage much effective. The use of IS further keeps a track on the margin and profits of the organization thereby saving the organization from business from devastating crisis (Galliers and Leidner 2014). Use of a high quality information system will help CCA in analyzing the stocks and past performance of the company to predict a potential crisis. Since at this moment, the company is working with manual record keeping services comprising of Microsoft office Suite, Excel and word and therefore, there are high chances of data duplication and error in data entry. Working on a project with improper data might result in huge loss for the company especially while working on a complex project (Shaul and Tauber 2013). Therefore, information system will provide a better data control to CCA, which will be beneficial for the project managers to control and implement a project in a planned approach. Value and Use of Information systems IS in managing project in project managers perspective The use of information system helps in proper planning of the project. The project manager is responsible for planning the different project stages. The use of information system allows the project manager the access to the computer generated data and supporting documents which in turn helps in planning the different stages of business. The project manager is able to properly manage the project and take proper business decision associated with the project in consideration. This process will help the project manager of CCA is reducing the number of errors in the planning stage of the project. The use of information system in the organization will enhance the process of project supervision as well. This can be achieved as the use of information system is helps in providing a real time data of the different business processes running within an organization. The project manager can make use of these data in ensuring proper project progress (Hacklin and Wallnfer 2012). Furthermore, in case any discrepancy in the project work is found out, the project manager can easily communicate the necessary changes in the project. Efficient leadership is an integral need of the team management. Since Coffee Constructions work with constructional project, leading and motivating the team is very important (Nixon, Harrington and Parker 2012). Information system helps in calculating the daily performance report of the organization. This can be use as a tool for leading and managing the project team. The information system will further help in easy circulation of the progress report among the project team members. Integration of the different business processes will help the project manager of the organization in identification of the risks associated with a particular project. If CCA is implementing enterprise resource planning system, will help the project manager in accurate forecast of the project needs, resources and project progress (Tsai et al. 2012). The ERP solution if implemented within CCA will eliminate any repetitive process running within the organization and will further eliminate the needs of manual data entry. This is beneficial to the project manager as it is possible to receive real time updates and data associated with the project (Leon 2014). Although the initial cost of implementing such a complex system like ERP is huge, it will later reduce the administrative and the operational cost of the organization. This is beneficial for the project manager of CCA as well as it will help in managing the operations and delays associated with the project (Popovi? et al 2012). The project manager will be able to streamline the business processes, which is particularly advantageous for the complex projects. Therefore, it can be said that use of information system will be very beneficial for the project manager of CCA for managing the different complex processes of the organization. It allows flexibility in managing the different projects of the organization with the real time information obtained from the information system implemented within the organization. More valuable The proper management of the complex project with the real time data fetched from the information system of the organization is more valuable to the project manager as it is the responsibility of the project manager in ensuring the project progress. Furthermore, use of an information system increases data security as it eliminates the risk of data duplication and data inconsistency. In order to design a proper project plan, the project manager needs to access all the related information of a project. The use of an information system provides the project manager a detailed knowledge about the different business requirements such as project cost, project resources and the schedule of the project. Data security adds to another benefit for CCA as it manages all the financial records and cash flow within the organization. CCA has been working on different complex projects where communication plays a very integral role in managing the project team and the project work (Kerzner and Kerzner 2017). Since the information system helps in collection of real time data, it becomes easier for the project manager in project control. The project manager is the most important member of a project team. Implementation of IS in CCA will enhance the power of the project manager and will help him in taking business related decisions in a more effective manner (Medina and Medina 2014). Therefore, it is recommended for the organization to switch to the automated process of managing the different processes running within the organization. Conclusion and Recommendations After analyzing the different conditions such as business value proposition in CCA along with the different functional areas of the organization, it can be concluded that it is high time for the organization to switch to the automated system from the manual record keeping process. The report discusses the various benefits of the implementing the information system in Coffee Constructions Australia. The main benefit of the system is that it will provide the project manager with an access of real time data that will in turn help the project manager in managing the projects in a more efficient way. With the advent of technology, many organization in different sectors, be it engineering, construction or manufacturing are implementing the information systems in enhancing the different business processes running within the organization. The recommendation for the use of a particular information system in CCA includes implementation of an enterprise resource planning system for integrating the different operations and business processes within the organization. Recommendations The recommendations for the use of a particular information system in CCA are as follows- CCA at first must evaluate the need of implementing an information system An enterprise resource planning system can be implemented in CCA in order to update from the manual record keeping system to an automated system. References Beynon-Davies, P., 2013.Business information systems. Palgrave Macmillan. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E. eds., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Hacklin, F. and Wallnfer, M., 2012. The business model in the practice of strategic decision making: insights from a case study.Management Decision,50(2), pp.166-188. Hadad, Y., Keren, B. and Laslo, Z., 2013. A decision-making support system module for proj Hall, J.A., 2012.Accounting information systems. Cengage Learning. Harrison, F. and Lock, D., 2017.Advanced project management: a structured approach. Routledge. Kanellou, A. and Spathis, C., 2013. Accounting benefits and satisfaction in an ERP environment.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,14(3), pp.209-234. Kerzner, H. and Kerzner, H.R., 2017.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Leon, A., 2014.Enterprise resource planning. McGraw-Hill Education. Medina, R. and Medina, A., 2014. The project manager and the organisation's long-term competence goal.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), pp.1459-1470. Nixon, P., Harrington, M. and Parker, D., 2012. Leadership performance is significant to project success or failure: a critical analysis.International Journal of productivity and performance management,61(2), pp.204-216. Pearlson, K.E., Saunders, C.S. and Galletta, D.F., 2016.Managing and Using Information Systems, Binder Ready Version: A Strategic Approach. John Wiley Sons. Popovi?, A., Hackney, R., Coelho, P.S. and Jakli?, J., 2012. Towards business intelligence systems success: Effects of maturity and culture on analytical decision making.Decision Support Systems,54(1), pp.729-739. Sajady, H., Dastgir, M. and Nejad, H.H., 2012. Evaluation of the effectiveness of accounting information systems.International Journal of Information Science and Management (IJISM),6(2), pp.49-59. Shaul, L. and Tauber, D., 2013. Critical success factors in enterprise resource planning systems: Review of the last decade.ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR),45(4), p.55. Stair, R., and Reynolds, G. 2013.Principles of information systems. Cengage Learning. Trivellas, P.G. and Santouridis, I., 2013. The Impact of Management Information Systems' Effectiveness on Task Productivitythe Case of the Greek Banking Sector.International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering,5(1), p.170. Tsai, W.H., Lee, P.L., Shen, Y.S. and Lin, H.L., 2012. A comprehensive study of the relationship between enterprise resource planning selection criteria and enterprise resource planning system success.Information Management,49(1), pp.36-46. Van Petten, C. and Luka, B.J., 2012. Prediction during language comprehension: Benefits, costs, and ERP components.International Journal of Psychophysiology,83(2), pp.176-190. Venkatesh, V., Brown, S.A. and Bala, H., 2013. Bridging the qualitative-quantitative divide: Guidelines for conducting mixed methods research in information systems.MIS quarterly,37(1).